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Photographer’s Note

I must have done something to really upset the gods of photography. I had hoped to get for my birthday some cute shots of blossming cherry trees in Washington D.C., but both days not a single ray of sun appeared. and after I complained about this to a friend, she was genuinly surprised that I had such a bad camera that I needed a sunshine for photos. no comments.
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with no cherry tree to show, I'll keep posting photos from Riga, this time a shot with two men, seagull and church tower with a rooster on top of it.

the church is St.Peter's church that I had climbed to have these - one, two, three - photos. this church, which is one of the best samples of Gothic architecture in the Baltics, was first mentioned in 1209 as the merchants church, and it served as their meeting place as well. it was a Catholic church until 1523, when during the Reformation it turned Lutheran. in 1408-1409 Rostock architect I. Rummeschotel added a new altar part the existing building, while other construction works continued in 1456, and by 1473 the old church was almost entirey reconstructed. the most famous part of the church is the tower that has had quite a bad luck - it was was struck by lightning 6 times collapsing on two of these occasions, in 1666 and again in 1721. then it was burned down several times - the last one was right on St.Peter's Day in 1941. before World War II it was the highest wooden building in Europe (the curent height of the tower is 123,25 m).

the momument is dedicated to Latvian Riflemen - military formations assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic territories against Germans in World War I. initially the battalions were formed by volunteers, but from 1916 - by conscription among the Latvian population; a total of about 40,000 troops were drafted into the Latvian Riflemen Division. from 1915 to 1917, Latvian Riflemen fought in the Russian army against the Germans in positions along Daugava river, and in December 1916 and January 1917 they suffered heavy casualties in month-long Christmas Battles which began with a surprise attack on German positions during Christmas. although heavily outnumbered, Latvian riflemen managed to break the German line of defense, but the effort was wasted as the attack was not continued. as a result, the Russian Army lost over 26,000 soldiers in this failed attack, among them 9,000 Latvian riflemen, about a third of the total number at that time. these heavy casualties resulted in a strong resentment for the Russian generals and tsar among the riflemen, which, in turn, led to an increased support for the Bolsheviks, who were advocating an end to the war and had promised to recognise Latvia's independence. consequently, in 1917, part of Latvian riflemen sided with the Bolsheviks, became known as Red Latvian Riflemen and actively participated in the Russian Civil War. they fought against Denikin, Yudenich, and Wrangel, and in 1919 the division received the highest military recognition of that time: the Honorable Red Flag of VTsIK. Latvian Red Riflemen officer Jukums Vācietis became the first commander-in-chief of the Red Army (J.Vācietis was a rare example of notable Soviet leaders who were not members of the Communist Party. he was executed during the purges in 1938, but was rehabilitated in 1957). the Latvian Red Riflemen were instrumental in the attempt to establish Soviet rule in Latvia in 1919, but they suffered great losses of personnel due to the decreasing popularity of Bolshevik ideas, and the majority of riflemen were re-deployed to other fronts of the Russian Civil War, including Vladivostok in Far East. following the 1920 peace treaty between Latvia and Bolshevist Russia, 11,395 former Red Riflemen returned to Latvia.

in 1917, a smaller number of Latvian Riflemen (mainly officers and intellectuals) did not side with the Bolsheviks and became known as White Riflemen. some were very active in trying to prevent Bolshevik ideas from spreading among the Latvian soldiers, but the physical and moral exhaustion after the bloody Christmas and January battles was fruitful ground for Lenin's ideology. opponents left, or were forced to leave, military service or joined the White forces. during last phase of the Russian Civil War, two Latvian regiments were created in Far East of Russia, but they did not take part in military action, and were sent to Latvia, by then already an independent nation.

since the restoration of independence in Latvia in 1991, the issue of how to describe the Riflemen in general and RED Riflemen in particular has been one of the most controversial questions. some see the Red Riflemen as pro-communists and want the statue removed, while others see them as pro-Latvian and want the statue to remain. some say that this statue is for all Riflemen - Red AND White, because all of them believed they were acting in the best interests of Latvia, while the others remind that when erected, the momument was meant to be dedicated to the supporters of Bolsheviks only.

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Additional Photos by Kristine KM (avene) Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Star Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 1664 W: 124 N: 2801] (11138)
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