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The first mention of the village of Castillon du Gard goes back to 1207. The site is reported as a castrum (Castrum Castelione) that is a fortress. In 1211, we learn that Castillon was a possession of the church of Uzès. The Lordship of the place belonged to the Provost of the Cathedral of Uzès, who owned a house in Castillon advocated by a harrow. Do we have reached this settlement of a few primitive traces: the chapel located in the northwest, probably also the door to the east (the portalet). The site of Castillon was defended by a rampart of which sections are preserved on the eastern slopes of the village. The south section of the wall has completely disappeared, but its route is roughly that of the facades of the houses along the north the village square.

The population was rapidly concentrated in the village, emptied the two hamlets of the plain, San Caprais and Saint Christopher, the bulk of their inhabitants. In the fourteenth century, it seems no longer have homes around Saint-Caprais, while St. Kitts is occupied by a religious community. The texts retain the memory of feuds that have existed at that time between Castillon and the surrounding communities. Thus in 1307, the consuls of Castillon complain to seneschal of Beaucaire against the viguier of Valliguières they had to take several loads of salt.

The fourteenth century was like throughout the Languedoc a difficult period. A war against the English (Hundred Years War), added the robbery of the "road" and the Black Plague, which decimated the middle of the century a significant proportion of the population. It is in this miserable situation that Castillonnes revolt in the late fourteenth century against tax collectors sent by the seneschal of Beaucaire.