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Update: I didn't hear about the no points day until I read Marriane's note so I'm late in requesting no points in support of world peace - but I certainly do support it.

During much of the summer the California coast is covered by the coastal low overcast. Often as we leave the 8 west freeway, just blocks from our beach home, the temperature drops from an uncomfortable 85 to a much more livable 73 as we slide under the protection of the coastal fog bank. The downside of this comfort is flat photos. I went to this TE meeting expecting flat light and resolved use this as an opportunity to work on managing flat light. The typical choice is B&W as in Peter's excellent work, so I will post a B&W in the WS. Which do you prefer?

Marram Grass, Bent or Beach Grass are common names for two species of grasses of the genus Ammophila growing almost exclusively on coastal sand dunes, where their extensive systems of creeping underground stems or rhizomes allow them to survive in very harsh and windswept ecosystems. Ammophila species are native to the coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean where they are usually the dominant species on sand dunes, but occur only rarely inland.[2]

Marram grass is widely known as an example of a xerophyte, a plant which can withstand arid conditions such as deserts or sandy beaches. Its xerophytic adaptations (mentioned below) allow it to thrive under conditions most plants could not survive.

There are two species of marram grass, barely distinguishable from each other:

Ammophila arenaria - European Marram Grass. Coasts of Europe (north to Iceland) and northwest Africa. Inflorescence to 25 cm long; broad.
Ammophila breviligulata - American Marram Grass or Beach Grass. Coasts of eastern North America, including the shores of the Great Lakes. Inflorescence to 30 cm long; narrower.
The species name "Ammophila (Am-mó-phi-la) " originates from the Greek words of "Ammos", meaning Sand and "Phillia", meaning lover.

Both species are listed as invasive plants in many additional areas, where they were introduced to help reduce sand dune erosion. Particular problems are noted on the Pacific Ocean coast of North America, from California north to British Columbia.

Invasions by non-native aquatic plant and animal species - those that are accidentally or purposely introduced into Oregon's coastal waters and thrive - are among the most severe threats facing marine ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. A number of emerging invaders already threaten critical habitat and vital commercial fish and shellfish species.
Source

The Oregon coastline itself is under siege by American beach grass, which was introduced near the mouth of the Columbia River in the mid-1930s to stabilize beaches.

Ironically, the American species is choking out its predecessor, another invasive species known as European beach grass, first introduced at the turn of the 20th century to help stabilize blowing sand along the coast. Sally Hacker, an associate professor of zoology at Oregon State University and an expert on marine and estuarine communities, said the European grass "did its job extremely well. Without it, the sand would cover towns and roads."

The European species thrived so well that by the time folks brought in its American cousin in the 1930s, the European grass had spread along the entire Oregon coast. In the process, it created an extensive "foredune" system - those enormous, protective sand hills seen in front of nearly every sandy beach along Oregon's shoreline.

"These dunes can provide significant protection for homes, roads, towns, and other infrastructure, and serve as a barrier against flooding during major storm surges, and perhaps even tsunamis," noted Hacker in a news release from the OSU College of Science.

Source

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Additional Photos by Pat Lim (plimrn) Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Star Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 4049 W: 233 N: 6296] (19694)
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