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Deerfield River
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Deerfield River
Deerfield River is a river that runs for 73 miles (117 km) from southern Vermont through northwestern Massachusetts to the Connecticut River. The Deerfield was historically influential in the settlement of western Franklin County, Massachusetts, and its namesake town. The river joins the Connecticut in Greenfield, Massachusetts, downstream of Turners Falls. The Deerfield is one of the most heavily used rivers in the country with, on average, a dam every 7 miles (11 km) or so for its entire length. In Shelburne Falls, the glacial potholes and the Bridge of Flowers are popular tourist attractions around the river.

[edit] Dams
There are 10 dams on the Deerfield, owned by three different electric ultilities. TransCanada owns the Somerset, Searsburg, Harriman, Sherman, #2, #3, #4 and #5 dams. Brookfield Power owns the Bear Swamp Pump Storage project and Fife Brook dam; Consolidated Edison owns Gardner Falls dam.[1] The various hydroelectric facilities were purchased from National Energy & Gas Transmission, Inc. (NEGT) subsidiary USGen New England, Inc. at the conclusion of NEGT's Chapter 11 bankruptcy and liquidation of the assets of the USGen subsidiary in 2005[2]

In 1994 an agreement on relicensing the various dams with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the Massachusetts and Vermont state authorities that regulate water quality led to comprehensive coordinated water release and power generation schedules to enable more recreational use of the river, with minimum water flow measures to mitigate the dam impact on riverine habitat[3][4].

A 260-foot (79 m) tall dam was proposed for the Stillwater section of the river in Deerfield in the mid to late twentieth century. Local opposition helped to defeat the proposal. [5]


History

Deerfield River in Rowe, MAThe hydroelectric development of the Deerfield River began in 1910 when the New England Power Company formed to acquire water rights on the Deerfield and construct dams. The largest dam, Harriman, was built in the early 1920s and has an unusual overflow structure, known as "The Glory Hole". This structure is a funnel-like concrete tube that leads to a tunnel under the earthen dam and prevents high flows from overtopping the dam.

The last dam built on the Deerfield was Fife Brook Dam, which was built in the early 1970s in conjunction with the development of the Bear Swamp Pumped Storage facility. This facility acts as a battery for power generated during times of low demand. By using excess electricity to pump water to the top of the mountain, where a reservoir was created by building levees around an existing high swamp, energy is stored. When electrical demand is higher (usually midday or afternoon/evening) the water from the upper reservoir can be released through the turbines (which act as pumps in reverse) to meet demand.

The third commercial nuclear reactor in the United States was built in the town of Rowe, Massachusetts on the banks of the Deerfield River by Sherman Reservoir. Known as "Yankee Rowe" it generated electricity for New England from 1960 to 1992.


Historic Bardwell's Ferry Bridge over the Deerfield RiverThe eastern entrance of the Hoosac Tunnel is located on the river in the town of Florida, Massachusetts. It is a railroad tunnel, still in use, started in 1851 and completed in 1875. The Burleigh Rock Drill, one of the first pneumatic drills, was used in its construction. Construction also featured the first large-scale commercial use of nitroglycerine and electric blasting caps. The American Society of Civil Engineers made the tunnel a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1975.

The Bardwell's Ferry Bridge is a 198-foot (60 m) long pin-connected through truss, built in 1882 and spans the Deerfield River between the towns of Shelburne and Conway in Franklin County. It is the longest single span lenticular bridge in Massachusetts. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[6]


Recreation

Deerfield River in Charlemont, MAThe Deerfield has several key places for whitewater kayaking, canoeing, tubing, swimming, camping, and jumping off the cliffs (that scale upwards to about forty feet) that surround it. A spot by the Stillwater Bridge in Deerfield is a popular swimming area, where jumping off the aforementioned cliffs is condoned but not advised. There are two sections of the river for whitewater paddling: the Fife Brook section[7] for class II and III paddlers, and the Dryway[8] for class IV paddlers.

In addition, there are several tributaries of the Deerfield River that provide excellent whitewater creek runs, including the class IV-V West Branch of the Deerfield[9] in Readsboro, VT, the class V Dunbar Brook[10] in Monroe, MA, the class V Pelham Brook[11] in Rowe, MA, the class IV Cold River[12] in Florida and Charlemont, MA, and the class III Chickley River[13] in Hawley, MA.

This is also an excellent Trout fishery, great for fly fishing. Two sections between the Fife Brook dam and the Route 2 bridge are catch and release.