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°° Workshop versione in B/N
La città di Pergamon (attuale Bergama), in Asia occidentale, è stata a lungo il centro dello sviluppo artistico e scientifico
della Grecia antica. La sua forza non dipendeva solamente dalle capacità militari di difesa, ma anche, e soprattutto, dalla possibilità di resistere a lungo agli attacchi esterni sfruttando le riserve interne di viveri ed acqua. Quando l’accesso alle sorgenti e ai pozzi collocati nelle vicinanze degli insediamenti era
impedito dall’assedio, veniva utilizzata l’acqua piovana proveniente dai tetti e da altre superfici, stoccata in un gran numero di cisterne di piccole e medie dimensioni. Nell’area aristocratica della città, su una superficie di circa 80 ettari di terreno sono state riportate alla luce 80 cisterne, che aggiunte a quelle ritrovate in altre zone abitate, portano a un totale di 107 attualmente scoperte grazie agli scavi
archeologici. Il volume di questi serbatoi era variabile tra 10 e 130 metri cubi, con una media di 40-50 m3. Possedevano forma a pera, con collo stretto che veniva chiuso da un masso circolare o quadrato su
cui venivano poggiati altri massi rotondi. Il tipo di roccia impiegato per costruirle era l’andesite, tipica
delle montagne della zona. La sigillatura era ottenuta con malta a base di tufo e calce oppure di polvere
ricavata dai laterizi. L’acqua in ingresso proveniva dai tetti delle vicine costruzioni e scorreva all’interno di tubi in argilla. A volte più cisterne potevano essere collegate tra di loro. L’acqua stoccata veniva prelevata tramite secchi....

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°° Workshop for B/W version
Pergamon (Pergamum, actual Bergama), a city near the western coast of Turkey and founded at the beginning of the 3rd century B.C., had a water supply system that was included nearly all the components of a Greek water supply system. The city development began from a castle on the acropolis. No springs or deep wells existed, so cisterns were constructed to collect rainfall during the winter season. These cisterns were dug into the rock and were mostly pear shaped with at least one layer of hydraulic plaster that prevented water loss.
The cisterns varied in size from 10 to 90 m3 and possibly supplied up to 7900 people (Garbrecht, 2000).
To prevent contamination of the water the mouth of the cistern was covered to keep out dust and debris,
and to prevent light from entering avoiding the growth of bacteria and algae. The Attalos aqueduct was
the first pipeline (buried, made of fired clay, and 13 cm inner diameter) in Pergamon, and was constructed, probably in the middle or 2nd half of the 3rd century B.C, bringing water from a spring in the mountains north of Pergamon (Fahlbusch, 2006). This aqueduct included an inverted siphon.
The Romans built what can be called mega water supply systems including many magnificent structures. Water flowed by gravity through enclosed conduits (specus or rivus), which typically were underground, from the source to a terminus or distribution tank (castellum). Above ground aqueducts were built on a raised embankment (substructio) or on an arcade or bridge. Settling tanks (piscinae) were located along the aqueducts to remove sediments and foreign matter. Secondary lines (vamus) were built at some locations along the aqueduct to supply additional water. Also subsidiary or branch lines (ramus) were used.

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Additional Photos by Alessandro Tura (Fellini) Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Star Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 430 W: 72 N: 825] (4946)
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